Investigate their human resources, administration, finance and sales Essay Example for Free

Investigate their valet resources, administration, finance and gross revenue EssayMarks and Spencers ask many different pedigree surgical incisions but also have many different departments of their business, its engageal beas. I am going to look at and investigate their human resources, administration, finance and sales and food marketing departments to then study how each contributes to the running of Marks and Spencers.Human ResourcesThe human resources department aims to carry out 5 major things, these being1. Recruiting, keeping and dismissing employees. This is a major labor for MS as they need the right type of employees for the business to operate its best, also the employees sh on the whole decide the businesses success present and future. Recruiting sensitive employees could be hiring in the buff pot from outside the business or promoting workers already working in the business. Many businesses such as MS like recruiting from outside the business to bring new ideas and enthusiasm.MS would want to keep exclusively their existing employees as they would risk losing experienced and trained staff, plus recruiting new workers and training them can prove to be expensive.Sometimes MS would have to dismiss or sack employees, this may be due if an employee cannot carry out their job efficiently or effectively. overly many employees are dismissed or made redundant, as their jobs no longer exist, say the f each in a particular product could persist to the dismissal of many staff.Read moreHuman Resource Management Essay2. Monitoring and providing good working conditions. Working conditions includes the cleanliness of a place, the provision of roost areas, hours of work and holidays. Working conditions have a great impact on how well a business operates and how well employees can carry out their work. They are normally a subject for negotiation between trade unions and human resources. MS have an area for staff to relax and spend their breaks in . The whole store would be regularly cleaned e very day for both the workers and customers.3. Training, go againsting and promoting employees. Human resources need their staff to be able to ensure that employees are able to do their jobs, they may give training at MS or through with(predicate) course at local colleges, planning jobs so that employees enjoy new experiences and develop new skills also promoting employees to more senior positions to give the business the skills and experience it needs.4. Negotiating with trade unions. The human resources department of MS would have to discuss and agree hold and working conditions with trade unions or otherwise representatives of the workforce. This process is called collective bargaining.5. Health and safety is an important responsibility for human resources, as it requires MS to provide all employees with a secure risk free working environment.That is what the human resources fail of MS had to ensure is carried out. Here are some typical job titles indoors an organisation such as MS.Job titleDescriptionHuman resources directorDeciding the overall staffing policies of Boots. Also he/she advise senior management. context the human resources budget. In charge of all human resource functions in Boots.Human resources managerHe/she manages the human resources department and staff involved with industrial relations and trade union negotiations, also ensuring his/he staff is following the policies of Boots.Recruitment officer trusty for the taking on of staff and section of staff, depending on their standard of work they offer to Boots and the customers of Boots.Training/staff development officerHe/she are responsible for training and developing of their staff to bring or take them to a higher level.Personnel/staffing officerKeeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare.Health and safety officerHe/she makes sure all aspects of health and safety are in order for staff matters. Also they monitor accident and prev ention. earnest officerGeneral security, responsible for all security staff.Human resources administrative assistantsAdministrative work relating to the human resource function.FinanceNow I am going to look at the finance function of MS. The finance department of a business manages the money for the business. The department controls the monetary transactions of a business and help managers to plan for the future. The various activities of the finance department are1. Recording all the financial matters of MS as they are constantly spending money or receiving it from sales. It is vital that they keep all records of all the activities in order to, view whether the business is being profitable, asses how much tax the business will have to pay and to help managers to make the right decisions.2. totally businesses have to prepare their accounts in order to summarise their financial affairs during a year, plcs are required to publish their results legally as they are a public company such as MS. They have to do the following the balance sheet which states both what a businesses aims and its debts, profit and loss account- which records the profit or loss made during a lengthy period of time usually a year, the inland revenue have to confirm that MS has paid the congeal amount of tax, suppliers are able to see whether business can pay its debts and finally shareholders can decide whether its worth investing in the business or not.3. MS have to pay the payment of all their employees and it involves the finance department in a number of ways. The business has to deduct income tax and national damages from each employees pay, it may be required to operate a pension scheme for its more elderly employees and to make sure the correct amount of wages or salaries has been given out to employees.4. All businesses need some resources and capital to trade successfully. To purchase these resources businesses may need to raise large sums of money, known as capital, but no t MS as they are already fully developed and expanding across the globe. But nevertheless a business has 2 chief(prenominal) sources of capital a loan raised by borrowing money from a bank or another business and retained profits, if MS has been very profitable they may be able to invest in the business and obtain resources they may need.Some typical job roles in the finance function in MS would includeJobDescriptionFinancial directorGiving advice to senior managers on the overall financial policy of MS. Overseeing the budget of MS. In charge of all finance function in MS.Financial ManagerManaging the finance function and staff. He/she also advises other members of staff with any financial queries.Chief AccountantHe/She ensures that final preparation of accounts MS are in good and correct order.Management accountantHe/She produces continuous financial information to MS.Credit ControllerAdvising on credit policies. Making sure money owing to MS kept in confidence.Credit control cler ksHelps attend accounts of new and existing customers accounts. He/She works below the Credit Controller but assist the credit controller. They also remind customers of overdue paymentsChief breakHe/She is responsible for the receipt, safe keeping accounting and banking all money received from boots.Payroll AdministratorHe/She is in control of ensuring that all of MS employees payroll and salary/wages section.Wages ClerksHe/She helps and assists the payroll administrator, in the production of wages ands salary details.AdministrationThe administration department provides important view as gains to other departments in the business. Not all admin departments in all businesses are the same. In small businesses the admin department may take responsibility for human resources or finance, but in a large organisation such as MS it is usually most likely to be specialised. The admin department makes capacious use of computers and IT as it is required for a lot of their jobs. in that lo cation are as always many activities for the administration department they can be bewildered down into 5 groups1. Clerical services are the main role of every admin department. The department may provide clerical services to all other departments within the business. These maybe word-processing, making telephone calls, booking accommodation for staff, sorting and delivering incoming mail and posting outgoing mail, organising meetings and keeping records of what takes place at these meetings, talk responsibly on behalf of the whole company and creating and keeping records of the company.2. All businesses require regular cleaning MS is no exception as it is especially professedly as MS have cafes, which require thorough cleanliness. Admin also organises the maintenance of the building, they may decorate the inside and outside of the building if they wish.3. Health and safety is a big issue with all businesses. It includes providing safety clothing, warnings for workers, ensuring t hat there are no dangers around the workplace and providing regular medical checks for those working in risky environments.4. Security is an increasingly important issue for all businesses, security duties would include signing visitors in and out of premises, ensuring that unauthorised people are kept out by use of patrols or even guard dogs, protecting computer systems from hackers, patrolling to prevent shoplifting by employing guards in uniform.5. Information technology is being more astray used by the minute, nearly all businesses use some form of IT nowadays. The admin department may use IT to make spreadsheet for financial data, a database of customers and employees, payroll systems to calculate employees wages and salaries, e mail for communicating internal and external, web based systems, web sites for change goods etc.Typical job roles of the administration function would beJobDescriptionAdministration managerManaging the administration trading operations of MS.Administ ration assistantAssists with administrative tasks in particular areas.Secretary of BootsA senior decision maker responsible for all the legal affairs of MS.It managerManaging all IT requirements of MS, including equipment maintenance and advising on future needs.Office manager/senior administratorResponsible for ensuring the administrating operations in particular office or department.Chief security officerHe/she is responsible for the security staff and advising on security requirements.SecurityResponsible for maintaining and monitoring security to the required standard.Reprographics supervisor (photo coping and printing)Ensuring all reprographics are done and to a high standard, as it reflects on Boots reputation from the quality of leaflets and dinner gown letters etc.Pa / Secretarial staffThese staff are mainly there to providing secretarial and administrative support to senior members of staff and condition processing operator/Data input clerk (worker)He/she type out letters and any other documents and also input data into a computer system.Maintenance of StaffHe/she is responsible for routine maintenance work, which may include painting or decorating.Cleaning StaffCleaning of planetary office areas, facilities and equipmentMarketing and SalesMarketing and sales involve businesses in many ways. Marketing is the process that helps all businesses to discover and meet the needs of customers. Doing market interrogation, carrying it out in the local and wider community enables the business to discover1 Customer reactions to existing products2 What new goods and services customers want3 Whether or not new products will prove to be popular4 The prices customers are prepared to pay for goods5 How satisfied customers already are with the serviceMarks and Spencers therefore do the following discover customer needs through market research, advise customers of products through promotion then achieve their sales. There are 2 types of research that can be carried o ut, Primary- gathering data for the 1st time by asking for views and opinions through questionnaires, interviews, surveys etc and Secondary research which is research that has already been done by someone else such as newspapers web site etc.The best-known marketing activity is promotion.1 Advertising on TV, radio, internet, billboards, newspapers etc2 Sales promotions, giving free samples like buy 1 get 1 free etc3 Public relations, attempting to influence the publics opinions of the business and its products through sponsorship, trade fairs the press and mediaBusinesses try to achieve their sales through a number of ways1 Selling products through shops2 Personal selling such as when sales reps encourage customers to buy their products3 Internet selling is an increasingly important sales method as it is spreading and maturement biggerThe typical job roles you can expect areTypical job TitleJob RoleMarketing DirectorResponsible for over all marketing function and its aims and objec tives.Sales DirectorHe/She is responsible for the sales function.Sales ManagerHe/she is responsible for MS entire sales staff and achievement of sales targets usually within the UK.Export ManagerThis individual is responsible for agents and sales overseas.Advertising ManagerIn charge of advertizing and publishing successful advertising campaigns.Sales CoordinatorThis person is responsible for giving urgent information required by sales staffs that are travelling.Sales RepresentativesMS sales staff who visit customers in UK and abroad.Market ResearchersThis team is relied upon to find out what customers want and whether or not there is a need for this new product.Order ClerksThis staffs are responsible to accept and process sales orders.Telephone Sales staffAccept and process telephone orders.

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology Essay

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology EssayIntroductionAsthma is a inveterate inflammatory disorder of the bronchial tubes that causes constriction and inflammation of the airlines. This wholeow fors in narrowing of the airways. Airways narrowing in asthma attack is caused by three major processes that act on bronchi. These atomic number 18 inflammation, bronchospasm and hyperreactivity. As a result, symptoms of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath occur. (Womenfitness, 2004)This essay will aim to discuss the pathophysiology, epidemiology, aetiology and the various causes of asthma. Further more(prenominal), it will compare recent prevalence rates and patterns that have arisen in recent years.It will also concentrate on the effects of asthma on children and exercise, and the long term effects this whitethorn have on lung function.Finally, it will present the hygiene hypothesis that has drawn great attention and speculation over recent years.CUsersuserPictures asthma2.jpgFigure 1 adopted from asthma.about.com//def_hyperresponsiveness.htmPhathopysiologyAsthma is known to be an inflammatory disease which is characterised by airway inflammation, airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsivness.The mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma maybe acute, sub acute or chronic. Inflammation is the most strategic factor that causes narrowing of the bronchial tubes. It increases the thickness of the wall of the bronchial tubes and produces tautologic mucous that forms plugs and clogs the small airways resulting in a smaller passageway for air to flow through. In irregular air flow obstruction and bronchial airway reactivity, oedema and mucus secretion also contribute to further narrowing of the airways. Thus resulting in difficulty breathing. When asthmatic patients are exposed to triggers such as allergens, irritant and infections, the inflamed or constricted airways becomes more sensitive or reactive to those triggers leading to increase narrowing and inflammation of the airways. As a result an asthmatic person has to make a greater effort during expiration and inspiration. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009).Asthma is characterized by an change magnitude number of mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, activated T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils in the bronchial tissues. During an asthma attack, antigen presenting cells e.g. (macrophages or dendritic cells) in the airways capture and process the inhaled allergen to T-lymphocytes which in turn becomes activated. Once T-lymphocyte becomes activated it produces TH1 cells and TH2 cells both secreting cytokines respectively. TH1 release (INF, lymphotoxin, IL-2) .TH2 release (IL-3, IL-4, IL-9, IL-13, IL-15).TH2cells (CD4 T-lymphocytes) has an important role in allergic response. Allergens drives the cytokine pattern towards TH2cells which in turn promotes B cells to produce immunoglobin E (IgE) and eosinophil recruitment .Then IgE binds to high affinity sense organ for IgE, Fc-epsilon-R1 on the surface of mast cells and basophils. This leads to degranulation of the cells and the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and other enzymes. The production of histamine and leukotrienes result in bronchial hyperresponsivness and air way obstruction causing the symptoms of asthma. (Morris, 2009)Types of asthmaThere are two main types of asthmaExtrinsic or allergy asthma This type is more common and is responsible for 90%of all cases. It develops in children and is associated with features of atopy such as rhinitis or eczema. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009)Intrinsic asthma This type is less common and presents for only 10%of all cases. It is more commonly found in women after the age of 30 and is typically not associated with allergies. (ibid 2009)Epidemiology5.4million people in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma.1.1million children in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma.There is a person with asthma in one in five household in the UK. (Asthma Uk,2008)The incidence of asthma has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This is not due to the changes in our genetic makeup, however, due to environmental factors (allergens, infection, life style and diet) that influence on the teaching of asthma.The prevalence of asthma in Wales is amongst the highest in the world. With 260,000 people currently living with the condition and the rate of hospitalization for adults is 28%, it exceeds all other regions in the UK. (Asthma UK, 2009) mortality and morbidityAsthma affects 5-10% of the population in United States or an estimated 22 million persons, including 6 million children. Asthma is common in industrial countries such as Canada, England, Australia, Germany and New Zealand. The prevalence rate of severe asthma in those countries ranges from 2-10% and is estimated to affect 300million people world wide. There are about 5000 deaths per year in U.S.and about 500 deaths per year in Canada. (Kelly, 2009)CUsersuserPicturesasthm prevelance.gifFigure3 shows the high percentage of the population affected with asthma was describe in USA, Canada, UK, Australia and NewZeland (10%). The lowest prevalence were reported in China and India (

The Whole Language Or Phonics Approach

The Whole Language Or Phonics ApproachCritically go bad and discuss the benefits and shortcomings in t apieceing schooling through a phonics speak to in comparison to a whole speech communication methodology. What argon your views about from each one shape up? Support your arguments with references from related literature.Teaching students to read is a vital educational aim. interpreting gives opportunities and opens up new worlds. Learning to read, entrust enable students defecate new knowledge, enjoy texts, and do everyday life things. The phonics and the whole language approaches are two main methods to reading, a debate that still rages among educators, parents, and experts. Which approach to education reading works best?Whole language approachTeachers utilise the whole language approach are expected to provide rich milieu texts for students combined with speaking, listening, reading and indite. This approach emphasise the meaning of texts over the proficients of le tter and phonics instruction. Krammer and Holland found out that the whole language approach is considered a top shore approach meaning the reader use his prior knowledge to interpret and construct his personal meaning of the text he is reading. In my opinion I think that this approach provides a better understanding of the text and a to a greater extent interesting and creative approach to reading but it may sum up at the expense of accuracy and correctness.Phonics approachThe phonics approach has five key elements to teaching. These areLearning the letter run lowsLearning letter formationBlendingIdentifying sounds in linguistic processSpelling the tricky words (Jolly Phonics Lloyd, S.)Kelly believes that good phonic skills will help students become better readers. It provides a secure grasp of the essential sound and spelling patterns that words are composed of. There are 44 key ph virtuoso(a)mes in the English language. Some of these are single alphabet sounds such(prenomina l) as s-a-t-p-i-n, but others may be combinations of letters like sh, ck or ie. (Kelly, 2009)Now, I will discuss the benefits and drawbacks in teaching reading through a phonics approach in comparison to a whole language methodology.Benefits in teaching reading through a phonics approachUsing the phonics approach to reading helps the reader to build better the pronunciation and word recognition (Krammer and Holland). When an individual starts to pronounce words correctly, it too starts to build confidence to speak up more often (English for Life, 2008). Improved decoding success creates a secure reader. Facility and ease in identifying polysyllabic words, and in inferring their meanings from a knowledge of prefixes, suffixes, and roots, help students with lore (Chall, J. Popp, H.).Teaching phonics bath help students develop the skills to read smoothly and accurately. When faced with a new word, a student will give up an arsenal of tools with which to vexer it out and call it b y namerecognizing familiar letter combinations and accessing their recollection of similar words. Students who are secure in their ability to figure out unfamiliar words are more eager to read new and longer texts. (Matthews, 2010) Readers cannot rely only on the use of context and picture clues. Wiley Blevins stated that students need to have a repertoire of strategies to draw on to become skilled, fluent readers.Phonics approach helps with the spelling far more than the memorisation and guess work of the whole language approach (Krammer and Holland). A person will be able to pronounce and spell correctly when he hears words. For this reason, phonics will help him improve his reading and writing skills (English for Life, 2008).Drawbacks in teaching reading through a phonics approachAlthough the phonics approach might work for some students, it may not work equally puff up for others. This is due to diverse individual projecting abilities. For exampleStudents with hearing challeng es may find it difficult to connect sounds and letter groups.Students with dyslexia often reverse groups of letters, causing murkiness with phonetic learning.Besides that, some children learn to read more easily using other methods. For instance, the whole language approach teaches children to recognise entire words, or else than individual sounds (Enne, V.).I agree with Krammer and Holland that when it comes to reading using the phonics approach a child may have difficulty understanding the full meaning of a text, due to the constant breaking down of words into parts. This will also bring boredom children would not be able to enjoy the text opposition to the whole language approach. Fleury declares that phonics does not connect the children with literature, as the whole language approach does. The connection to literature helps to make reading more interesting.It is true that phonics helps children to sound out many different words but there are other words that do not follow si mple phonetic rules. These words, called crook words, will still need to be memorised. Nearly 50 percent of all English words are outlaw words. (Available from http//www.ehow.com/list_6856037_drawbacks-teaching-phonics_.html)Should you categorise students and push one teaching method?In my opinion I think that I balanced approach should be used in teaching reading. The National Reading Panel determined that phonics instruction is only one part of a complete reading program for beginning readers. Effective beginning reading programs should also emphasize reading fluency, vocabulary development, and text comprehension.(Available from www.univo.edu.sv8081/tesis/019961/019961_Cap2.pdf)In 1996, Honig, stated that a balanced approach is needed to teach reading. He described it as an approach that combines the language and literature-rich activities associated with whole language activities aimed at enhancing meaning, understanding, and the love of language with explicit teaching skills a s needed to develop fluency associated with proficient readers.In the member Curriculum Whole Language and Phonics Can They Work Together? written by Cromwell, S. (1997) says that Supporters of the whole language approach think childrens literature, writing activities, and communication activities can be used across the curriculum to teach reading backers of phonics instruction insist that a direct, sequential mode of teaching enables students to master reading in an organised way.There is an ongoing debate on which is the best way to teach a child how to read. Phonics helps children to pronounce better and recognise the words. It helps them far more than memory and guess work used in the whole language approach. Formulas learned in phonics can be applied repeatedly. On the other hand, using the whole language approach helps children to understand better different types of texts. It is much more interesting and creative to reading rather than the phonics approach. Whole language ap proach emphasises on meaning and comprehension. Children memorise large numbers of sight words and learn to read by reading.I do not have ample experience but I can speak from my 3 years of teaching practice. I believe that both approaches must be used thereof using a balanced reading approach. Most children learn through an amalgamation of skills. Each method offers different strategies. One has to remove the idea of one size fits all and keep in mind that every child is different. There is no one best method to teach children.Educationworld.com says that Many combinations and permutations are necessary to provide an optimal learning environment for an entire class of readersA teacher must be careful when teaching reading care in mind the different abilities of his students and focusing on literature and fun. After all, it is the teacher who makes the difference in the learning process. I believe that a teacher should provide time to read to his students often, choral read with them and also give them time to read both alone and in pairs.I remember that when I used to teach phonics through word games, to year 2 students, it used to work. Students where learning by having fun. Spending only a brief time each day on phonics and doing no more than one worksheet daily I eliminated boredom. It is important to try other reading approaches for students who are not able to learn phonics easily. Through research, I found out that recorded books or story writing might help.I make it a point that in my schoolroom I have a library. Unfortunately I have been in some schools where school libraries are not available. Students who have social problems how can they be exposed to literacy? It is highly important to expose children to books. It is important to have books in classroom so that students can browse, read and discuss them. Krammer and Holland state that when using a balanced reading approach, a teacher should provide as much structure as possible and some step-b y-step skill work, especially for analytical students, while emphasising literature and fun. Also, a teacher should provide sufficient tools for decoding words, using small amounts of direct instruction in phonics for auditory and analytic learners. Tape-recording phonics lessons will help students to work independently to improve their skills.Visual learners tend to benefit from the whole language approach while auditory learners rely more on phonics since they hear the sound of letters and identify words. A balanced reading approach will probably be most beneficialFinally I conclude using a balanced approach to teach reading will probably be most beneficial.IAE (2003) discovered that both research and classroom practices support the use of a balanced approach in instruction. The motive for this is because reading depends on efficient word recognition and comprehension. I agree that thence instruction should develop reading skills and strategies, as well as build on the learners k nowledge through the use of authentic texts. (Bernhardt, 1991 Bernhardt, 2000 Hulstijn, 1991 Kamil, Mosenthal Pearson, 2000 Snow Burns Griffin, 1998)

The Single Child Policy In China

The Single Child Policy In chinaw beIn 1978-1979 the Chinese governance inst al ace(a)ed an overambitious program of market reform undermenti angiotensin-converting enzymed the scotch stagnation of Cultural Revolution. In mid 70-80 china was home of quarter of the worlds population who were having just 7% of world land. More than two third of the population were under the age of 30 years. The baby boomers of the year 1950-1960 were entering their reproductive years. So it was getting authoritative to control the population for the economic reform and to an improvement in sustainment standards, so they introduced nonpareil nestling form _or_ system of government. (Massachusetts medical Society, 2005)This policy consists of contrastive set of rules and regulations .government judicature the size of families, sometimes late marriages, child bearing and family planning. This overly restricts to couple to superstar child for wholenessness couple notwithstanding it still c omp allowelyow fewer cases manage twins, rural couple , ethnic minorities and couples who are both(prenominal) only one children themselves. By this policy china control direct more than 250 million births amongst 1980 and 2000(BBC September, 2012) and to the toweringest degree 400 million by 1979-2011(People Daily online, October 2011)This policy is a controversial issue within and outside the china, because how it was mechanismed, good and bad consequences of the negative social equals. repayable to this policy on that point were early(a) problems and concerns rose which are against human accountabilitys. Forced abortions were change magnitude, female infanticide and under reporting of female birth. These are the main reason of sex imbalance in china, solely still after the survey done by Pew Research Center roughly 76% of masses living in china accept this policy.(Pew Research Centre ,2012)As at once we deal or so the policy and its implementation, merits and dem erits, so direct I stir to issue a clear stand is that policy is ethically excusable or not and I will go with that is this policy is not ethically justifiable but in that location are a divvy up of examples which are proven that with this policy china has controlled population of country so I will be comparing both of the sides of the policy with final conclusion against this policy.First I will discuss about the demerits of over population. Over population is a power where an organism number exceed the carrying capacity. This is a direct link between human population and its environment. The main reason for the over population is increase in birth and decline in mortality rate. The current population of china is 1319175364 which make china the first most populated country of the world. (US Census Bureau, 2012) China represents a full 20% of world population so every one in every five spate on the earth is a Chinese.(Washington Institute of China Studies ,2007) So due to ov er population because other(a) different problems also likeHealthy Living this is the one of the main concern of the people who is living there because the health resources are limited like fresh air, fresh pure clean water, and greenery which people all people are not getting.Equal opportunities-people living in china to them when comes to access some of the things like ordinary sector jobs, examinations few people dont get those opportunities because both they are not rich enough to support or some other factors.Access to medical treatment- as china is growing up express the amount of people getting sick and getting congenital disease are also increasing which is also directly related to the cost of treatment, government cant provide those expensive treatments to everyone so a lot of poor people die because of no access of hospital or clinics.Controlling larger population- it is not an easy job for the government of china to control 1.5 zillion people police always have har d time when there is all riot, national events going on.Traffic problem. Due to over population need of vehicles on the road is increasing which is creating big heavy traffic jam on the road, and government always try hard to provide public transport but due to more number of passengers travelling that also become hard. high-priced quality high education- As families had more number of children at their home which sometimes is also a problem i.e. children cant get good higher(prenominal) education reason behind this is education nowadays is expensive and parents cant afford all their kids the same education.Violation of human rights- like different activities disaster often in china which violate human rights like female feticide, gang rapes, abortions.(Bridgeport.edu ,2012)So now I will talk about the advantages and disadvantages of one child policy.AdvantagesThe growth of the population decreases if there was no one child policy in china the population of china must be 2.4 bil lion today.By this Chinese people are getting more benefits like Free/cheap health checkups.Their kids are getting god or vanquish education.Women get extra three month maternity leave.Parents have good bond with children, like it will be easy to divide time with one child and it makes it easier to know each other and needs.DisadvantagesThey dont have any siblings and there is nothing like cousins called in china because everyone is child of the family.Forced Abortions As we all know abortion are legal in china but having forced abortion is against human rights.Female Infanticide People kill their daughter because they bear forward they will have only one child and if thats a female then who will take family business and bring up family to generations.87% of all married women use contraception and abortion which is also not healthy for the females health condition.Ethical PerspectivesThe one child policy raises many ethical concerns one man-to-mans own liberty, collective rights and state sovereignty. We all understand that will less population there will less environment degradation and pollution but according to me whose rights are more important individual or collective? This one child policy in china asks questions towards the individual rights and collective rights in the community. As per Lockes view in any of the fellowship an individual have the introductory human right and more important their negative liberty and rights or the license to have choices for self development without other interference.(William Uzgalis John Locke,2006)This one child policy provide community growth which may provide higher quality of sustenance i.e. can be serve malnutrition, good care of medical illness and social and economic problems are uncommon.Communitarians As we all know china is a communist country so they have only one peoples party ruling the whole big nation. The communitarian argument is derived from Jean Jacques Rousseav Communitarian repugn the surv ival of the community must be protected because individual member depend on it for their self identity, the organization of collective action and the production of public goods So this lighten the view that state of nature as they have not yet developed the capacity to reason . So a communitarian would for the individual thinks, thoughts, individual rights and autonomy for the benefits of the community. (Modern China, 465, 1987)Utilitarian ApproachesIt is an ethical theory in which there are basically more happiness and reduced suffering which is based on the word utility. So as per china one child policy peoples behavioral choices are counted and those choices reflect their course of action. By increasing the pleasure and minimizing the hurting china is using utilitarian approach perfectly.International Human RightsChinas one child policy is seems to be based on utilitarian approach. They argue that policy is installed according to the fairness standards as every family is entitle d to have one child and in addition to this those families are getting financial incentive like bonus, better housing options and three months maternity leave which as per rule to international provisions of human rights but on the other side as per policy only one child is allowed per couple so communitarian would be against of those who claim individual reproductive right against the policy of single child.(American Political skill Review,2001)Western Asian Preferences of Individual RightsChina one child policy is mostly offended by the violation of human rights and laws. They argue that as Hesperian countries have their own official languages as a mean to protecting communal harmony and Identity similarly Chinese government has the right to implement of population related policies is the responsibility of each and every country and should take a stand into account the economic, social and environmental diversity with respect to all religious and ethical values at international conference on population development in (cairo 1994). This policy also disturbs the fundamental human right of every couple to decide freely the number and spacing of their children. Chinese government relative this policy as Duty to act responsibly in a manner which will benefit their family and community as whole (Population and Development review, 1996)Success and flaw of Chinas One Child PolicyChinas population is both the countrys greatest weakness and strength. China is world 3rd largest economy and 2nd largest exporter. The more population in china makes it cheap labor which attracted a lot of foreign investment. This policy accelerated chinas economic growth in past 2 decades which also helped to create highly educated skilled and more streamlined work force.It was reported in 2001, there were almost 20,000 forced abortions and sterilization occurred to the people of Huai ji in Guangdong province of china because those people were not following the rules of this policy.(T elegraph Media Group,2012) After that in 2002 china stopped the sensible force to force for the abortion, but still there are news on regular priming of abortion and violence. Even there is news about the killing of the babies during the pregnancy of eight months or its more horrifying of killing of baby during labor in birth canal or immediately after birth.Tons of thousands of children with birth defects, disabilities are handed over to state funded orphanages that often have poor facilities which now become house of adoption of girls for the rich western people. In 2001 there was official 55,000 adoptions registered. So what do you think are these children guaranteed a better life but I am pretty much sure that they will lose all traces of their Chinese identity? (Wei Guo Zhang, 2006)In addition to this one child policy also disturb the male -female birth rate ratio. The sex ratio in main land china is 118 100. So this way of life there are 18 extra boys for every 100 girls bo rn which compared to global natural baseline of 103100. Even the state population and family planning commission withstand this problem and think this will create big problem in coming future i.e. finding partner by the time they will tense adulthood or reproductive age. As according to survey there will be 30 million more men than women in 2020. (BBC, 2012)Since 90s there is other problem rising weather this single child will be over pampered. There have been seen many over pampered children in society with poor social communication and cooperation skills.As in upper text I mentioned about the over pampered children, so now here I am going to focus on the policy positive and negative effects of single child . As per (Quoss and Zhao,1995) parents are usually the most important assimilation agents in their young age. This gives an impact on their child to learn about social relationship. In addition to this parent- child relationship are complicated cultural, ideological, politica l, economic and social factor but main can be psychological, cultural and structural to understand parent child relationship. It is assumed those children are the empty vessels which are filled with parents socially de exquisited values. So mostly children learn from parents attitude and behavior. If child is not recognized as an active social person this means he is influenced by parents. These changes in the family structure and size have some major effects i.e. shorting of family tree, weakening of cooperation in the groups and the changes in the way how parents treat their children. concord to Cardwell wealth- Flow theory (1982, 1976) the wealth from jr. to older generations is related to high fertility rate same as wealth decrease from the older to the younger generation is related to low fertility rate. But in China they have only one child there is nothing like that seen which either improve or spoil the parent -child relation. The nations one child policy has lead to the re duced number of births which have highlighted children value in the family and caused more flow of family resources towards that only child. Chinas successful implementation of population control policy shortened the way to Cordwells equilibrium of wealth flow and birth rate declination.Population and Socio frugal DevelopmentThis over growing population even one child will be creating big problems by 2040. There will be quartet main challenges faced by Chinese population.Agriculture Food challenge It will be a problem of producing sufficient grain for the expending population, as country is growing faster, people are moving to cities and no one is doing more agriculture and because of population explosion there will not be enough spaces to grow crops which will give Chinese community a very hard time in upcoming years.Employment Challenge It is one of the main signals to economic performance which is correlated with income distribution, poverty and social stability. Before rural people used to depend on agriculture but now its hard to depend as living standards are getting high and 40% of rural labor are not fully utilized or they are under employed and need to be re employed.(Taylor and Banister 1991 Shen and Spence 1995)Urbanization challenge fast pace industrialization and urbanization will be a drastic change in rural-urban population shift. The speed of urbanization was very slow in 1970s as compared to other developing counties (shen, 1994). A large number of towns and small cities are immerged to bigger cities. Old cities are quickly expanding .Shanghai. increased its urban area from 141 to 230 square kilometer rapid urbanization resulted in the arable land availableHomosexuality In china Associated with One Child Policy.There is also one other problem arising in china because having a single child and that child being homosexual. Homosexuality is legal in china since 1997, but this created a lot of problems in Chinese local community. Chinese cou ples try and do a lot of efforts to have a son in their family and what if that son is homosexual that can be a big major tragedy in the family. Many gay and sapphic commit suicide because its not much common in there.Zheng estimates there is about 27-30 million homosexual people living in china from which 18-20 million are gay man and 9 to 10 million are lesbian women. So homosexuals are not accepted by social customs at home or at work place. This creates two other different problemsThey dont have freedom to enjoy their personal life - It is seen that gay man and gay women get married to each other as homowives under a formal union they have normal marriages but allowing each other to conduct their homosexual relation outside.Many stories came up how gay man starting time loving each other. some said they cant find the right female partner so they changed their self to homosexuality or bisexual and other say the girls dont want to leave parental house as they are the only daught er who want to stay with family.( The New York Times,2012 )The Effect of China one child policy 30 yearsTo control the population china government and Chinese people did very hard work and much return to limit the population growth with one child per family. So in condition to hold this population growth there is a heavy opinion on long term contraception with IU device and sterilizations together accounting for more that they dont have any other options except which they heard from health workers recommend for family planning. This helped in 25% decreased in abortion rates.This policy is reduction in the total fertility rate before between 1970-1979 the fertility was 5.9 to 2.9 but after this its less stabilized at approximately 1.7.There are some signals that may be the traditional thinking for boys will change. As a survey done by National family and Reproductive Health reports say 37 share of young urban women said they have no orientation course with the sex of the kid eit her its male or female but on other side 45 percent said the ideal family is one boy and one girl.Ratio of old age DependencyThe rapid decrease in birth rate with stable and improved life it led to increased proportion of old people in the community. In 1965 the population of 65 year old people was 5% in 1982 which now is 7.5 percent which is expected to be 15 percent by 2025. (World Bank, 2012) Thats one reason in urban areas the couple who themselves are single children are allowed to have other second kid.The future of chinas one child policyThe Chinese government is facing an important challenge, first will be the need to balance the basic population right of reproduction with population growth. 10 million people are adding to Chinese population every year which is equal to the population of Belgium. ease of this policy can be considered because of baby bomber are getting older, but increased wealth and freedom is not allowing government to relax this policy. closedown of Cheap Labor Professor Cai Feng- a Chinese labor economist estimated there will a downfall in the labor force by 1.5 percent points by 2015 and will decrease further in 2016-2020. A fast pace decline of the labor force will cause shortages and rapid increase in wages which will be weaken the chinas export industry in the international marked effecting economic growth .(BBC,2012)ConclusionThe people republic if china and its one child policy remains an international concept as in means of regulation, human rights, birth and fertility, national duties, morals and principles. In 30 years of this policy china have created dramatic results of controlling population and limiting total fertility rate at 1.7 births per women. It also helped to control the problems which can be occurred with over population. On the other side this policy also created drastic effect on highly unbalanced sex-ratio between male and female. Many couples cant find the suitable match for each other. There is an increase in female infanticide and more use of contraceptive methods. An increased social and economic demand on small families due to aging is also common. According to Xinhua the national press agency of china china have paid a lot of political and social cost for this policy but still it resulted in social conflict, high administrative cost and let to gender imbalance too(Xinhua, 2012).My reaction to this one child policy is that they should not make it very strict at the starting. Second child in family bring the fine of $3500 which is almost equal to the income of 10 year of a poor farmer. Many Chinese women commit suicide under the pressures of one child policy(Amnesty International,2012) . many rich people who can afford $3500they have two kids in family which is not equal to other resident of china. For poor if they cant pay the fine they have to pay their fines with 200kg of rice. Families in Guangzi province are afraid of breaking rules because they are already poor and this giv es them hard time paying the fine. This is the reason of to-do in sex ratio. I think Chinese government should educate people to the benefits of having lesser children but not to force them for abortion. Couples should have their own freedom they whether they want children or not.The Government should educate people and promote to have more female babies to equal the uneven sex ratio. There is a high divorce rate involving women whose one child turn out to be a girl however the laws have changed by those women have to suffer physical assault at home.It is clearly see there are many advantages and disadvantages of chinas one child policy but when it comes to health, law and ethics it is not justify because of many dilemmas on the ethical ground.

The Promise of Sociology Essays -- C. Wright Mills Sociological Imagin

According to C. Wright Mills, what occurs in any one individuals life is interrelated with fiat as a whole. The sociological imagination gives us the ability to empathize the correlation of ones biography, history, and traditions along with the knowledge of the social and historical impact and/or influence society may have on that person or group of people. Mills notion compels us to investigate into an individuals biography and lifestyles, and place their findings within the surrounding circumstances in which events occur in order to perceive the whole picture of the society in which the individual lives. Mills says to understand this imagination would be to see the connective between personal troubles and public issues. Personal troubles meaning, problems that atomic number 18 felt personally which are caused by occurrences or feelings in an individuals life and public issues meaning, issues that affect a group or mass of people with their roots interwoven within an organi zation or institution and history of a society. A person tummy become homeless for many reasons a family member throws them out of their home because they do not put up financially, or they become incapable of caring for themselves collectable to mental illness, or they become addicted to drugs and lose their home trying to support their habit. These are a few examples of personal troubles which most would think are brought about by the individual alone and therefore can be solved by them. But, when using sociological imagination, one can see that homelessness is too a social problem. Unemployment rates are high and public assistances rates being low could leave a person unable to sufficiently contribute financially, therefore being forced to leave... ...ety in this period?. Whereas, taking into consideration the interaction between individuals and their societies, sociology sees where people and groups of people are products of whole societies in which they live.In studyi ng Mills however briefly, I am beginning to see where my life and the lives of others are interrelated with biography, history, and traditions. We are all just a recrudesce of a whole, which is now beginning to make a great deal of sense to me. I am beginning to ask questions in order to understand clearly what shapes our lives. It seems to me Mills gave sociologists a format to open the doors to a better understanding of the whole picture. As Mills indicated, humans have the capacity to remove the social structures around them I believe seeking knowledge gives one the wisdom to change and make changes which in turn affects us all.

Critical Analysis of A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare :: William Shakespeare Plays Literature Essays

Critical Analysis of A Midsummer Nights Dream by William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare, born in 1594, is one of the greatest writers in literature. He dies in 1616 after completing many sonnets and jokes. One of which is "A Midsummer Nights Dream." They say that this play is the most purely romantic of Shakespeares comedies. The themes of the play are dreams and reality, get along and magic. This extraordinary play is a play-with-in-a-play, which master writers only write successfully. Shakespeare proves here to be a master writer. Critics find it a task to explain the intricateness of the play, audiences find it very pleasing to read and watch. "A Midsummer Nights Dream" is a comedy combining elements of love, fairies, magic, and dreams. This play is a comedy about five couples who suffer through loves strange games and the evil behind the devious tricks. This play begins as Theseus, the Duke, is preparing to adopt Hippolyta. He woos her with his sword. Hermia is in love with Lysander. Egeus, Hermias father, forbids the relationship with Lysander and orders her to marry Demetrius. Demetrius loves Hermia, but she does not love him. On the other hand, Helena is in love with Demetrius. To finalise the confusion, Theseus decides that Hermia must marry Demetrius or become a nun. In retaliation to her fathers command, Hermia and Lysander run away together. Amidst all the problems in the human world, titanic oxide and Oberon, the fairy queen and king, continually argue about their various relationships that they have taken part in. (Scott 336) Titania leaves Oberon as a result of the arguments. Oberon is hurt and wants penalize on Titania. So he tells Puck, Oberons servant, to put a magic flower juice on her eyelids while she is sleeping. This potion causes the victim to desperately in love with the first creature that they see. Oberons plan is carried out, but the potion is also placed on Lysanders eyes. Lysander awakes to see Helena, who is a imlessly walking through the woods, and instantly fall in love with her. She thinks that he is making fun of her being in love with Demetrius, so she leaves and Lysander follows. This leaves Hermia to wake up alone. Puck now has journeyed to the area where several(prenominal) actors are rehearsing. He uses his magic to turn one of them into a donkey, in hopes that Titania will awake to see it.

The Fall Of Satan :: essays research papers

The Arch-FiendThe Arch-Fiend, in The fall of fiend by John Milton, is a minded firm person who gets his word across to others. His stubborn attitude and haughtiness shows that he is the strongest and smartest. The pride that made him believe he equaled the Most High, meaning he felt equal to God. The story, describes Satans appearance, his action, his words, and his effect on others.In the story Milton describes Satan in many different manner. He first talks about him as a form of a snake, tempting our grand parents to eat the nix fruit in the Garden of Eden. Milton also shows Satans appearance as a beast. Pretty much you can see how his appearance and personality are preferably related. Milton gives us a vivid description of Satan. That he has eyes that sparking blaze, monstrous size. This describes to us how Satan looks now, but before Satan was an Angel. He is not the corresponding being that he was before.Satans actions also are shown on Miltons writings. It starts out as e arly as the beginning of the earth. When Satan attracted Adam and Eve to eat the proscribe fruit. In his speech to Beelzebub he said that good will never be their task, but ever to do ill our sole transmit and out of good still find means of evil. This shows us that Satan tempts us to do evil actions and like it, and how most of us get sport or amusement out of it. Milton also writes that Satan with the force of subterranean wind transport a dill torn from Pelorus, or the shattered attitude of thundering Etna, whose combustible&8230aid the winds, and leave a singed bottom all involved with stench and smoke. Satans actions are executed for one main purpose, and that is the rebellion he took on God. That came from his jealously and envy of mankind. Untill Satan wins his battle he will not stop making mankind attracted to evil.Satan also led masses to do evil through his words. He talked to Eve to eat the apple. He replied Beelzebub and said, out of out evil seek to bring forth g ood, our labor essential be pervert that end, and out of good still to find means of evil. Satan telld mankind to do evil things just like God who tells us not to. Some choose to do bad and some good.